Adaptation-Mammals

(http://hepsi.fan95.sitemynet.com/mynet_resimlerim/playful_baby_polar_bear.jpg)


Thermoregulation
Animals such as pinnipeds, sea otters and polar bears are amphibious. In aquatic environments, it is difficult for warm-blooded mammals to survive. Most mammals have a natural insulator, blubber, that helps keep them warm and buoyant. Another way mammals control their body temp. is through a process called vasodilation. This involves them controlling their blood flow to and from peripheral vessals near the surface of their flippers and fins. This heat exchange enables cold blood returning to the body to warm up.
Diving
Mammals need air to breathe. Whales and dolphins breathe through blowholes on the back of their heads. When they reach the surface, they inhale the air and relax their muscular flap to close it so that they can return to dive. Under water, blood is driven away from the tissues that can handle low O2 levels and moves it toward the heart&brain where it is needed.
Motion
Their smooth skin allows them to swim well, creating less friction.

Adaptations-Reptiles

(http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/reptiles/reptiles_csg125_brown_basilisk.jpg)


Reptiles have an advantage when it comes to living in the desert. They have really thick skin that helps keep water in. They spend time moving around, looking for shady areas. Some lizards have long legs, which makes it better since they do not absorb much heat. When the season changes, they climb on rocks that are heated in order to raise their temp.
They are cold-blooded, which makes it difficult because they must avoid both high and low temperatures.
Few reptiles, however, go through hibernation. They go to sleep during the hot weather. Before this time, they eat large amounts of food so that a layer of fat could form throughout their bodies. They utilize their stored fat that they obtain during the cooler season to survive.

Adaptations-Birds

(http://mfrost.typepad.com/cute_overload/images/donnakirdahy_3.jpg)

Birds have a variety of beaks. They are utilized for eating, defending, feeding, building, courting, and attacking. Both the shape and size of their beaks show what kind of food they eat. Meat-eating birds such as the eagle have sharp, hooked bills that help them tear flesh. Hummingbirds have small thin bills to drink nectar. Wood ducks have muscles that enable them to eat whole acorns.

Birds can live in many habitats. Some can dive to depths of 850 feet and some can fly over tall mountains and can even live in the desert.

Birds rely on hearing and vision as opposed to smell.

Quiz Ch. 19

Results Reporter
Out of 11 questions, you answered 11 correctly, for a final grade of 100%.
11 correct (100%)

0 incorrect (0%)

0 unanswered (0%)

Your Results:
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .



1
CORRECT

Maps of the world produced before 1480 show one of these areas more or less accurately. Which is it?



A)
Indian Ocean



B)
eastern coast of Asia



C)
Mediterranean Sea



D)
Arctic Ocean






2
CORRECT

The first Europeans to explore southern Africa and pioneer sea routes to India were the



A)
Romans.



B)
Greeks.



C)
Portuguese.



D)
Spanish.






3
CORRECT

All of the following areas are isolated by water barriers. Where do you think that the people had the least contact with other cultures prior to the 1700s?



A)
Japan



B)
Ireland



C)
Australia



D)
the Mediterranean islands






4
CORRECT

A container ship might carry which of these?



A)
heavy equipment



B)
oil



C)
passengers



D)
freshly cut flowers






5
CORRECT

The coastal peoples of the northwestern coast of the United States and Canada fished for which of these?



A)
pearls



B)
herring



C)
cod



D)
salmon






6
CORRECT

One of the greatest Mediterranean seaports of the late Middle Ages was



A)
London.



B)
Venice.



C)
Amsterdam.



D)
Cairo.






7
CORRECT

Which of the following features is considered to be most important in defining a group of people as a maritime culture?



A)
They live along the ocean.



B)
The go fishing.



C)
They depend on the ocean for their survival.



D)
They eat seafood.






8
CORRECT

A news article states that a Japanese submarine from World War II has been found at a depth of over 3,000 m. The article is accompanied by a false color relief profile showing the outline of the submarine above the flat sea floor. How was the submarine likely to have been found?



A)
side-scan sonar



B)
remotely controlled vehicle



C)
manned submarine



D)
photography






9
CORRECT

One of countries on the Persian Gulf proposes to build a huge, artificial island by dredging up sand from the sea floor, then building expensive homes on the island. Which of these effects of such activities is NOT likely to occur?



A)
increased siltation in the water



B)
destruction of shallow-water invertebrate communities



C)
disturbance of habitat for fishes



D)
enhancement of habitat for reef corals






10
CORRECT

Winslow Homer is famous as



A)
the composer who wrote "La Mer".



B)
the author who wrote "The Old Man and the Sea".



C)
the poet who wrote "Song of the Sea".



D)
the artist who painted many marine scenes.






11
CORRECT

According to international law, if a strait falls within 12 nautical miles of one or more nations,



A)
they must negotiate to decide who controls the strait.



B)
unimpeded surface transit is guaranteed for everyone.



C)
the larger nation can declare that the strait is part of its exclusive economic zone.



D)
the resources in that strait belong to the United Nations.

Quiz Ch. VI

Results Reporter
Out of 15 questions, you answered 15 correctly, for a final grade of 100%.
15 correct (100%)

0 incorrect (0%)

0 unanswered (0%)

Your Results:
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .



1
CORRECT

Which of these features is not used to characterize major groups of seaweeds?



A)
photosynthetic pigments



B)
food reserves



C)
cell wall components



D)
type of roots






2
CORRECT

Going from the surface to the point of attachment to a rock, which is the correct order in which the parts of a giant kelp occur?



A)
holdfast, stipe, pneumatocyst, blade



B)
stipe, holdfast, blade, pneumatocyst



C)
blade, pneumatocyst, stipe, holdfast



D)
pneumatocyst, stipe, blade, holdfast






3
CORRECT

Green algae generally can be found in all of these habitats except



A)
fresh water.



B)
polluted areas.



C)
estuaries.



D)
rocks exposed to heavy wave action.






4
CORRECT

Which thallus shape is not found among kelp?



A)
thin filaments formed by a single cell



B)
a long stipe with one pneumatocyst



C)
several stipes and a massive holdfast



D)
a single large blade






5
CORRECT

Brown algae are dominant primary producers in which area?



A)
tropical coasts



B)
coral reefs



C)
mud flats



D)
temperate rocky coasts






6
CORRECT

Among red algae, dense clumps are characteristic of species living where?



A)
in deep water



B)
in areas rarely exposed to air



C)
on upper levels of rocky coasts



D)
as parasites on other algae






7
CORRECT

In many seaweeds, the thallus seen most often is a



A)
sporophyte



B)
gametophyte



C)
zoospore



D)
carposporophyte






8
CORRECT

In seaweeds, the result of meiosis



A)
always is identical gametes.



B)
always is sperm and eggs.



C)
may be a spore that produces a gametophyte.



D)
is a zygote.






9
CORRECT

Algin is used by people in which way?



A)
to wrap Japanese food



B)
as a medium to grow bacteria



C)
as a stabilizer and emulsifier in the dairy industry



D)
directly as food






10
CORRECT

In flowering plants,



A)
the sperm consists of motile zoospores.



B)
a well-developed free-living gametophyte forms.



C)
marine and nearshore species do not have roots.



D)
leaves are present.






11
CORRECT

Rhizomes of seagrasses



A)
carry on photosynthesis.



B)
stick upright out of soft, muddy sediments.



C)
cannot transport water or nutrients.



D)
generally grow beneath the sediment.






12
CORRECT

The northern limit of mangroves is set by which feature of the environment?



A)
salinity of the water



B)
frost



C)
light levels



D)
oxygen levels in the sediment






13
CORRECT

In a salt marsh,



A)
cordgrasses grow well below the water level.



B)
pickle weed and other halophytes live at higher levels.



C)
mangroves are the dominant plants.



D)
seeds germinate while on the parent.






14
CORRECT

A brown seaweed found floating offshore in the Gulf of Mexico likely is



A)
giant kelp.



B)
Irish moss.



C)
dead man's fingers.



D)
Sargasso weed.






15
CORRECT

Like calcareous green algae, coralline red algae



A)
can be involved in the development of coral reefs.



B)
live only in the tropics.



C)
always have thalli with segments.



D)
turn pink when dead.

Quiz Ch. V

Results Reporter
Out of 15 questions, you answered 15 correctly, for a final grade of 100%.
15 correct (100%)

0 incorrect (0%)

0 unanswered (0%)

Your Results:
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .



1
CORRECT

Prokaryotic cells have



A)
a cell wall.



B)
a nucleus.



C)
spiral-shaped DNA molecules.



D)
no pigment.






2
CORRECT

Bacteria are particularly important in ecosystems because



A)
they can tolerate harsh environmental conditions.



B)
some form crusts.



C)
many are decomposers.



D)
they accumulate oxygen in the atmosphere.






3
CORRECT

Unlike true algae, cyanobacteria



A)
have many cells.



B)
have only one photosynthetic pigment, phycobilin.



C)
have a cell membrane inside the cell wall.



D)
live only in the most sheltered and clean environments.






4
CORRECT

One might find the Archaea in which habitat?



A)
shallow coastal water



B)
lagoons



C)
hydrothermal vents



D)
in tissues of other organisms






5
CORRECT

Anaerobic bacteria generally



A)
require oxygen for growth.



B)
are autotrophs.



C)
cannot tolerate sulfate.



D)
are heterotrophs.






6
CORRECT

Like most plants, unicellular algae generally have which of these features?



A)
stems



B)
ability to swim



C)
chlorophyll



D)
complex nonreproductive cells involved in nutrient transport






7
CORRECT

Diatoms are the most important primary producers in which habitat?



A)
the tropics



B)
very hot water



C)
polluted areas



D)
polar seas






8
CORRECT

In the marine environment, bacteria are symbionts of which of these organisms?



A)
deep-sea fishes



B)
dead fish



C)
termites



D)
giant clams






9
CORRECT

Bacteria that carry sulfur oxidation can be found where?



A)
only where there is light



B)
in mud flats



C)
in clean open-ocean water



D)
in cold seas






10
CORRECT

Radiolarian ooze is more persistent than foraminiferan ooze because of which reason?



A)
It is more resistant to dissolving under pressure.



B)
The shells are bigger.



C)
Its shells are made of calcium carbonate.



D)
It accumulates on coral reefs.






11
CORRECT

Marine fungi may be common in which habitat?



A)
hydrothermal vents



B)
mangrove swamps



C)
shallow bays



D)
near the surface of the open sea






12
CORRECT

Useful features for distinguishing between protistans include all of these except which one?



A)
flagella



B)
covering of the organism



C)
kind of locomotory structures--cilia or pseudopodia



D)
nucleus






13
CORRECT

DNA sequencing indicates the presence of thousands of unknown species of microbes. These species may remain undescribed because



A)
it's hard to identify microbes to kingdom.



B)
it's hard to match the sequence to a particular organism.



C)
we can't be sure that the DNA came from microbes.



D)
they all live in deep, dark habitats.






14
CORRECT

Diatomaceous earth is used as a



A)
poison.



B)
medical compound.



C)
filtering medium.



D)
component of paint.






15
CORRECT

Bacteria are ecologically important because of which reason?



A)
They can be epiphytes.



B)
They dominate life on intertidal rocks.



C)
They can cause skin rashes.



D)
They carry on nitrogen fixation.

Quiz Ch. IV

Results Reporter
Out of 15 questions, you answered 15 correctly, for a final grade of 100%.
15 correct (100%)

0 incorrect (0%)

0 unanswered (0%)

Your Results:
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .



1
CORRECT

An important function of lipids for marine birds is which?



A)
carrying oxygen in the blood



B)
structural support



C)
keeping feathers dry



D)
speeding up metabolic processes.






2
CORRECT

Like complex carbohydrates, nucleic acids are large molecules, but unlike carbohydrates, they contain which of these?



A)
carbon



B)
hydrogen



C)
oxygen



D)
nitrogen






3
CORRECT

The direct function of genes is to



A)
code for a trait, such as blue eyes.



B)
allow natural selection to proceed.



C)
specify the order of amino acids in one protein.



D)
make perfect copies of each strand of DNA.






4
CORRECT

In photosynthesis,



A)
carbon dioxide and water are used to produce glucose.



B)
glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water.



C)
energy stored in organic matter is transferred to ATP.



D)
carbon is converted to an inorganic form.






5
CORRECT

In the ocean, the most important nutrient is



A)
nitrate.



B)
phosphate.



C)
silicate.



D)
iron.






6
CORRECT

Unlike animal cells, plant cells have which of these?



A)
flagella



B)
a nucleus



C)
mitochondria



D)
a cell wall






7
CORRECT

A salmon is an osmoregulator. As it moves out of fresh water into seawater, what happens?



A)
Water tends to move out of its tissues.



B)
Water tends to move into its tissues.



C)
The fish must excrete more water



D)
The fish must retain more salt.






8
CORRECT

A biologist suspects that a polychaete worm uses active transport to remove a pollutant from its tissues. Evidence for this idea would be which of the following?



A)
an increased concentration of the pollutant at the exits of its excretory organs as opposed to inside its tissues



B)
presence of excretory organs



C)
a greater concentration of the pollutant in the sediment outside the worm than inside of it



D)
survival of the worm in polluted mud






9
CORRECT

Tunas are considered to be poikilotherms because



A)
their internal temperature remains the same despite external changes.



B)
they cannot retain heat generated by their muscles.



C)
they do not have blubber.



D)
their internal temperature varies with the temperature of the water outside.






10
CORRECT

To be a large animal but have a high surface to volume ratio



A)
is impossible.



B)
can happen if the animal is nearly flat.



C)
can happen in a spherical animal.



D)
can happen if the animal can regulate its body heat.






11
CORRECT

In sexual, but not asexual, reproduction



A)
buds can break off.



B)
meiosis occurs.



C)
cell division occurs



D)
offspring are genetically identical to the parent.






12
CORRECT

Strictly speaking, evolution refers to



A)
genetic changes in populations.



B)
survival of the best-adapted individual.



C)
the origin of life.



D)
the establishment of new species.






13
CORRECT

In a museum's catalog of specimens, a biologist reads "Echinoidea: Echinidae: Echinus esculentus". She can assume from the label that



A)
someone made a mistake. Only two names should be used.



B)
someone made a mistake. The first three names are identical.



C)
Echinoidea is a class and Echinidae is a family.



D)
The first two names should be underlined or in italics.






14
CORRECT

The Archaea are now considered separate from Bacteria because



A)
there are differences in their RNA.



B)
they have more than one cell.



C)
they have mitochondria.



D)
they have no metabolism.






15
CORRECT

A zygote



A)
forms by meiosis.



B)
is diploid.



C)
is haploid.



D)
forms after cell division.

Quiz Ch. III

Results Reporter
Out of 15 questions, you answered 15 correctly, for a final grade of 100%.
15 correct (100%)

0 incorrect (0%)

0 unanswered (0%)

Your Results:
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .



1
CORRECT

Salmon may migrate into San Francisco Bay on an incoming tide. A tide table reads as follows: High 3:38 AM 5.1 feet; Low 9:01 AM, 1.7 feet; High 3:36 PM 6.2 feet; Low 10:05 PM 0.3 feet. When of these times would be the best time to go fishing?



A)
3:30 AM



B)
between 1 and 3 PM



C)
5 PM



D)
7 AM






2
CORRECT

Marine animals may not be adapted to as rapid changes in temperature as are land animals. This may be because



A)
ice floats.



B)
adding heat rapidly increases the speed of molecular motion.



C)
water has a high heat capacity.



D)
water boils at a relatively low temperature.






3
CORRECT

Some desert lakes have the same salinity as seawater, but cannot serve as homes for marine fishes in culture. Why might this be so?



A)
The amount of dissolved salts is not the same.



B)
The water is too hot.



C)
The oxygen concentration is too low.



D)
The ratio of ions in the total salinity is different from that in seawater.






4
CORRECT

A diver in northern California, where the water is murky, sees a brown sponge at 20 m (62 feet). On vacation in the tropical Caribbean, he sees the same sponge at an equal depth--but it appears to be bright red. What may be the explanation for this phenomenon?



A)
The murky water in California was less transparent, so red light was absorbed.



B)
More blue light penetrated in the Caribbean than in California.



C)
Cold water is less transparent than warm water.



D)
There is more sunlight at the surface in the Caribbean.






5
CORRECT

The most soluble oxygen is found in



A)
warm seawater.



B)
air at room temperature.



C)
polar seas.



D)
the surface water of the ocean.






6
CORRECT

Which of these animals probably could undergo vertical movement in the water with the least difficulty from changes in pressure?



A)
a fish with a swim bladder



B)
a seal



C)
a whale



D)
a deep-sea shrimp






7
CORRECT

In shelf waters, the main thermocline



A)
is at 1,500 m or deeper.



B)
separates the mixed layer from the deep layer.



C)
is a result of solar heating.



D)
may not exist.






8
CORRECT

Surface water sinks all the way to the bottom of the ocean



A)
at the Equator.



B)
where the slope is steep.



C)
in polar regions.



D)
off the Amazon and other large rivers.






9
CORRECT

The biggest ocean waves of all are just north of Antarctica. Why might this be so?



A)
Unlike the Arctic Ocean, the Southern Ocean has a land mass within it.



B)
The weather is the worst on Earth in Antarctica.



C)
Waves in the Southern Ocean can go around the world, and thus have the longest fetch.



D)
Cold seas have bigger waves than warm ones.






10
CORRECT

Salinity may not vary much from the surface to the depths far out at sea. If so, it would be easiest and least expensive to measure temperature versus depth with which devices?



A)
XBTs



B)
CTDs



C)
bottles with thermometers that "freeze"



D)
satellite data






11
CORRECT

A serious warning sign of an oncoming tsunami is



A)
an earthquake in the Pacific Ocean.



B)
water receding out to sea, exposing reefs and leaving fish out of the water.



C)
high waves in the open sea.



D)
very short wave lengths.






12
CORRECT

Which might occur soon after a scientist finds a reverse temperature/depth profile?



A)
overturn



B)
stratified water



C)
less oxygen in the surface water than usual



D)
surface water forming a lens on top of deeper water






13
CORRECT

An artist wants to paint a picture showing a coral reef, a 13 m (40 foot) long humpback whale and breaking surf. In which natural condition could this occur? (Hint: at what depth do waves break?)



A)
along a steep cliff with the reef just below the surface, where the wave breaks



B)
by a shallow reef, with the whale swimming above the reef and the wave breaking above the whale



C)
on a deep reef (30 m or so), with the wave breaking above the whale



D)
offshore, with seas breaking over the whale and the reef






14
CORRECT

Water is most dense



A)
at 4°C.



B)
at 3°C.



C)
in ice.



D)
when it freezes.






15
CORRECT

A water mass



A)
changes temperature and salinity as it sinks.



B)
changes temperature and salinity at the surface.



C)
circulates due to changes in density.



D)
always sinks all the way to the ocean floor.

Quiz Ch. I

Results Reporter
Out of 12 questions, you answered 12 correctly, for a final grade of 100%.
12 correct (100%)

0 incorrect (0%)

0 unanswered (0%)

Your Results:
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .



1
CORRECT

Ancient people often had knowledge of which of the following?



A)
edible shellfish



B)
migrations of whales



C)
giant squid



D)
life in the ocean depths






2
CORRECT

An oceanographer might study which of the following?



A)
heat tolerance of coastal barnacles



B)
the influence of the Loop Current on seasonal growth of open-sea algae



C)
yearly oxygen production by salt marsh grasses



D)
how mole crabs burrow in sand.






3
CORRECT

The United States Exploring Expedition was one of the first to conduct extensive collecting in which area?



A)
the Mediterranean Sea



B)
the greatest depths of the ocean



C)
the South Pacific



D)
the northwestern coasts of North America






4
CORRECT

An example of an underwater robot could be which of the following?



A)
ROV



B)
critter cam



C)
satellite



D)
passive sonar system






5
CORRECT

Which is true of scuba gear?



A)
It was invented as part of the war effort during World War II.



B)
The inventor was a marine biologist stationed at Woods Hole.



C)
It uses compressed air.



D)
It can be used safely to depths of up to 100 m (300 feet).






6
CORRECT

Which of the following could be a valid scientific hypothesis?



A)
Morays find their prey primarily by following chemical cues.



B)
Dolphins communicate by using brain waves.



C)
It is immoral to keep dolphins in captivity.



D)
Dogs are superior in regard to seals.






7
CORRECT

A swimmer sees a large blue jellyfish nearby. Jellyfishes are known to sting, so the swimmer moves away. The swimmer did which of the following?



A)
used inductive reasoning



B)
used deductive reasoning



C)
constructed a theory



D)
tested a hypothesis






8
CORRECT

A scientific theory has which of the following properties?



A)
It agrees with available evidence.



B)
It cannot be rejected.



C)
It has been absolutely proven.



D)
It does not need to be altered in the light of new evidence.






9
CORRECT

New technology, for the first time, allows scientists to observe marine mammals in which situation?



A)
in captivity



B)
from the surface



C)
from stranded or dead animals



D)
underwater in the open sea






10
CORRECT

A marine biologist wishes to test the hypothesis that heavy grazing by snails causes the alga Ulva to stay short rather than grow upright. Which of the following variables could be manipulated successfully at the seashore to test this hypothesis?



A)
add nutrients to the nearby ocean waters to see if the algae grow taller



B)
put a small cage around the algae to keep snails from eating them and then see if the protected algae are taller than unprotected ones



C)
change the light intensity to see if this causes the algae to stay short



D)
redirect ocean waves to see if wave shock causes the algae to stay short






11
CORRECT

Old stories tell of gigantic sea serpents, possibly ancient reptiles called plesiosaurs. To prove that they still exist, the most useful scientific evidence would be which of the following?



A)
good photographs of the creatures



B)
reliable eye-witness accounts of seeing them



C)
unexplained bite marks on fish



D)
a fresh skull with flesh still attached






12
CORRECT

The voyages of Captain Cook provided which of the following?



A)
soundings of the deep sea



B)
reliable navigational charts



C)
the first exploration of northern polar regions



D)
an explanation for the formation of atolls.

Quiz Ch. VIII

Results Reporter
Out of 15 questions, you answered 15 correctly, for a final grade of 100%.
15 correct (100%)

0 incorrect (0%)

0 unanswered (0%)

Your Results:
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .



1
CORRECT

Which vertebrate feature is not found in ascidians and cephalochordates?



A)
skull



B)
gill or pharyngeal slits



C)
dorsal nerve cord



D)
tail






2
CORRECT

Unlike cartilaginous or bony fishes, jawless fishes do not have



A)
a mouth.



B)
fins.



C)
scales.



D)
teeth.






3
CORRECT

The largest sharks and rays feed on which of these?



A)
fish



B)
seals



C)
mollusks



D)
plankton






4
CORRECT

Which is not recommended as a way to decrease one's risk of shark attack?



A)
Stay away from sea lion colonies.



B)
Don't go swimming at night.



C)
If you see a shark, splash at it vigorously.



D)
Don't touch a shark or grab its tail.






5
CORRECT

Electric rays



A)
crush their prey.



B)
catch plankton.



C)
use their electric organs in defense against predators.



D)
shock the fish they eat.






6
CORRECT

Skates



A)
have elaborate courtship displays.



B)
give birth to live young.



C)
have stinging spines.



D)
lay egg cases.






7
CORRECT

Ratfishes live in



A)
estuaries.



B)
sandy coastal areas.



C)
very polluted areas.



D)
the deep sea.






8
CORRECT

The body of a bony fish often is covered by which of these?



A)
placoid scales



B)
spines



C)
ctenoid scales



D)
fin rays






9
CORRECT

Eel-shaped fishes often live



A)
on sandy sea floors.



B)
in narrow spaces among rocks.



C)
among sponges.



D)
near the surface of the open sea.






10
CORRECT

A lionfish has venomous spines. What kind of coloration might it have?



A)
cryptic--blending in with rocks and coral



B)
warning--bold stripes on its body and fins



C)
all red



D)
countershaded--dark above, light below






11
CORRECT

Digestive enzymes are produced by all of these except



A)
pyloric caeca.



B)
liver.



C)
pancreas.



D)
cloaca.






12
CORRECT

Some sharks feed by



A)
taking bites out of prey larger than themselves.



B)
protruding their lower jaws.



C)
sucking invertebrates from the bottom.



D)
grazing on algae.






13
CORRECT

Anadromous fishes



A)
spawn in the ocean.



B)
defend territories.



C)
shed their eggs in the open sea.



D)
show homing behavior.






14
CORRECT

Among fishes, eggs are retained in a nest by



A)
sting rays.



B)
sea horses.



C)
damselfishes.



D)
herring.






15
CORRECT

It can be difficult to identify larval fishes to species because



A)
they drift far from land.



B)
most larvae remain in an egg case.



C)
development takes a long time.



D)
the larvae may not resemble their parents at all.

Quiz Ch. VII

Results Reporter
Out of 27 questions, you answered 27 correctly, for a final grade of 100%.
27 correct (100%)

0 incorrect (0%)

0 unanswered (0%)

Your Results:
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .



1
CORRECT

The only invertebrates that have successfully invaded most of the land are which ones?



A)
mollusks



B)
insects



C)
crustaceans



D)
flatworms






2
CORRECT

Water enters a sponge through which part?



A)
osculum



B)
ostium



C)
coelom



D)
pinacocytes






3
CORRECT

Sponges do not have which feature?



A)
specialized cells



B)
gametes



C)
supporting structures



D)
organs






4
CORRECT

In an animal with radial symmetry,



A)
there is no head.



B)
the body plan is in five parts.



C)
there is no oral surface.



D)
there is an anterior end.






5
CORRECT

The gelatinous bell of a medusa is composed of which of these?



A)
cnidocytes



B)
mesoglea



C)
spicules



D)
gastrodermis






6
CORRECT

Drifting colonial polyps are called



A)
siphonophores.



B)
scyphozoans.



C)
gorgonians.



D)
cubozoans.






7
CORRECT

There is no medusa stage in the



A)
Anthozoa.



B)
Hydrozoa.



C)
Scyphozoa.



D)
Cubozoa.






8
CORRECT

Which group is free-living in the marine environment?



A)
cestodes



B)
turbellarians



C)
trematodes



D)
Hirudinea






9
CORRECT

Marine worms may gain support for the body from which of these means?



A)
an exoskeleton



B)
a protein skeleton



C)
a hydrostatic skeleton



D)
an endoskeleton






10
CORRECT

A polychaete worm can be told from a sipunculan, nemertean, or echiuran by its



A)
suckers.



B)
movable anterior portion.



C)
non-retractable proboscis.



D)
segmentation.






11
CORRECT

A closed circulatory system always has which of these features?



A)
blood within distinct vessels



B)
a heart with chambers



C)
open blood spaces



D)
the ability to take up nutrients from seawater






12
CORRECT

Among mollusks, there is no radula among the



A)
gastropods.



B)
bivalves.



C)
cephalopods.



D)
chitons.






13
CORRECT

Which feature of cephalopods is found in other mollusks?



A)
foot modified into arms and suckers



B)
complex nervous system



C)
closed circulatory system



D)
mantle






14
CORRECT

In a bivalve, the gills serve in



A)
gas exchange only.



B)
gas exchange and feeding.



C)
gas exchange and shell production.



D)
gas exchange and production of noxious chemicals.






15
CORRECT

A carapace



A)
covers the cephalothorax.



B)
is segmented.



C)
has two lateral valves.



D)
is present in all Crustacea.






16
CORRECT

Crustaceans generally reproduce by



A)
external fertilization.



B)
use of a modified arm to transfer a packet of sperm.



C)
direct sperm transfer.



D)
releasing gametes into the water.






17
CORRECT

An important food source in polar ecosystems consists of



A)
hermit crabs.



B)
barnacles.



C)
krill.



D)
fish lice.






18
CORRECT

Decapods have



A)
only one pair of antennae.



B)
specialized feathery filtering appendages.



C)
a large proboscis.



D)
three pair of maxillipeds.






19
CORRECT

Females brood their eggs in a chamber in the



A)
nudibranchs.



B)
amphipods.



C)
true crabs.



D)
polychaetes.






20
CORRECT

Colonial zooids with a lophophore belong to the



A)
Phoronida.



B)
Anthozoa.



C)
Bryozoa.



D)
Brachiopoda.






21
CORRECT

Copepods might be caught by which worm-like planktonic group?



A)
Chaetognatha



B)
Oligochaeta



C)
Pogonophora



D)
Ctenophora






22
CORRECT

In a starfish, an external part of the water-vascular system is



A)
the ring canal.



B)
Aristotle's lantern.



C)
an ampulla.



D)
a tube foot.






23
CORRECT

The mouth is directed upward in the



A)
Asteroidea.



B)
Crinoidea.



C)
Holothuroidea.



D)
Ophiuroidea.






24
CORRECT

The Holothuroidea usually feed



A)
on small particles.



B)
by using arms to catch plankton.



C)
by grazing on algae.



D)
by predation on clams.






25
CORRECT

Hemichordates and echinoderms may both have



A)
a notochord.



B)
a dorsal nerve cord.



C)
similar larval stages.



D)
a backbone.






26
CORRECT

An adult ascidian loses all chordate features but which of these?



A)
tail



B)
notochord



C)
pharyngeal slits



D)
dorsal hollow nerve cord






27
CORRECT

The Cephalochordata feed by



A)
collecting particles among ciliated arms.



B)
deposit feeding.



C)
using the proboscis to stir up prey.



D)
filter-feeding.

Quiz Ch. IX

Results ReporterOut of 15 questions, you answered 15 correctly, for a final grade of 100%.
15 correct (100%)
0 incorrect (0%)
0 unanswered (0%)
Your Results:
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .
1
CORRECT
Marine tetrapod vertebrates do not have
A)
shelled eggs.
B)
feathers.
C)
flippers.
D)
gills.
2
CORRECT
Besides humans, sea turtles are eaten by
A)
killer whales.
B)
great white sharks.
C)
land crabs and birds.
D)
sea snakes.
3
CORRECT
Sea turtles swim by means of
A)
a large tail.
B)
flippers.
C)
flukes.
D)
undulation.
4
CORRECT
The most dangerous marine reptile is the
A)
marine iguana.
B)
Komodo dragon.
C)
sea snake.
D)
saltwater crocodile.
5
CORRECT
A penguin's wings are used for
A)
long-distance flying.
B)
hopping.
C)
swimming.
D)
walking.
6
CORRECT
A tubenose bird can be told from a gull by its
A)
long neck.
B)
pouch.
C)
salt glands.
D)
heavy beak.
7
CORRECT
Seals retain body heat by means of
A)
thick fur.
B)
blubber.
C)
oil glands.
D)
down.
8
CORRECT
Unlike a true seal, a sea lion has
A)
external ears.
B)
mammary glands.
C)
paddle-shaped flippers.
D)
a pair of tusks.
9
CORRECT
Among the great whales, the one that eats squid is the
A)
blue.
B)
gray.
C)
sperm.
D)
humpback.
10
CORRECT
Dolphins are not able to
A)
learn from observation.
B)
use echolocation.
C)
form complex societies.
D)
filter food through bristles in the mouth.
11
CORRECT
Gray whales migrate
A)
to the north to give birth.
B)
to the south to give birth.
C)
to Hawaii to mate.
D)
to Antarctica to feed.
12
CORRECT
Harems are found in
A)
elephant seals.
B)
sea otters.
C)
killer whales.
D)
manatees.
13
CORRECT
Adaptations for deep diving in marine mammals do not include which of these?
A)
light-producing organs
B)
oxygen storage in muscles
C)
collapsible lungs
D)
efficient air exchange at the surface
14
CORRECT
If a can of tuna bears a "dolphin-safe" label, it means that
A)
the country of origin does not use drift nets.
B)
the quota of dolphins killed while fishing is regulated by the IWC.
C)
fishing was conducted using special purse seine nets.
D)
the tuna were taken by American fishermen.
15
CORRECT
Manatees eat
A)
seagrasses.
B)
mangroves.
C)
clams.
D)
plankton.

Quiz Ch. I

Results ReporterOut of 12 questions, you answered 12 correctly, for a final grade of 100%.
12 correct (100%)
0 incorrect (0%)
0 unanswered (0%)
Your Results:
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .
1
CORRECT
Ancient people often had knowledge of which of the following?
A)
edible shellfish
B)
migrations of whales
C)
giant squid
D)
life in the ocean depths
2
CORRECT
An oceanographer might study which of the following?
A)
heat tolerance of coastal barnacles
B)
the influence of the Loop Current on seasonal growth of open-sea algae
C)
yearly oxygen production by salt marsh grasses
D)
how mole crabs burrow in sand.
3
CORRECT
The United States Exploring Expedition was one of the first to conduct extensive collecting in which area?
A)
the Mediterranean Sea
B)
the greatest depths of the ocean
C)
the South Pacific
D)
the northwestern coasts of North America
4
CORRECT
An example of an underwater robot could be which of the following?
A)
ROV
B)
critter cam
C)
satellite
D)
passive sonar system
5
CORRECT
Which is true of scuba gear?
A)
It was invented as part of the war effort during World War II.
B)
The inventor was a marine biologist stationed at Woods Hole.
C)
It uses compressed air.
D)
It can be used safely to depths of up to 100 m (300 feet).
6
CORRECT
Which of the following could be a valid scientific hypothesis?
A)
Morays find their prey primarily by following chemical cues.
B)
Dolphins communicate by using brain waves.
C)
It is immoral to keep dolphins in captivity.
D)
Dogs are superior in regard to seals.
7
CORRECT
A swimmer sees a large blue jellyfish nearby. Jellyfishes are known to sting, so the swimmer moves away. The swimmer did which of the following?
A)
used inductive reasoning
B)
used deductive reasoning
C)
constructed a theory
D)
tested a hypothesis
8
CORRECT
A scientific theory has which of the following properties?
A)
It agrees with available evidence.
B)
It cannot be rejected.
C)
It has been absolutely proven.
D)
It does not need to be altered in the light of new evidence.
9
CORRECT
New technology, for the first time, allows scientists to observe marine mammals in which situation?
A)
in captivity
B)
from the surface
C)
from stranded or dead animals
D)
underwater in the open sea
10
CORRECT
A marine biologist wishes to test the hypothesis that heavy grazing by snails causes the alga Ulva to stay short rather than grow upright. Which of the following variables could be manipulated successfully at the seashore to test this hypothesis?
A)
add nutrients to the nearby ocean waters to see if the algae grow taller
B)
put a small cage around the algae to keep snails from eating them and then see if the protected algae are taller than unprotected ones
C)
change the light intensity to see if this causes the algae to stay short
D)
redirect ocean waves to see if wave shock causes the algae to stay short
11
CORRECT
Old stories tell of gigantic sea serpents, possibly ancient reptiles called plesiosaurs. To prove that they still exist, the most useful scientific evidence would be which of the following?
A)
good photographs of the creatures
B)
reliable eye-witness accounts of seeing them
C)
unexplained bite marks on fish
D)
a fresh skull with flesh still attached
12
CORRECT
The voyages of Captain Cook provided which of the following?
A)
soundings of the deep sea
B)
reliable navigational charts
C)
the first exploration of northern polar regions
D)
an explanation for the formation of atolls.

Coral Reefs Part II

SiMiLARiTiES
*all types of coral reefs
*home to many animals
*have reef flats and reef slopes
*all grow several types of coral
DiFFERENCES
*atolls grow on top of sunken volcanic land
*fringing reefs form along the coastline
*barrier reefs separate lagoons
*atolls grow around lagoons

[image from <http://www.dfw.gov.mp/protected/pappics/SaipanMPAs.gif>]

Sea Floor Spreading

*Sea floor spreading is the process by which new sea floor is formed as it moves away from spreading centers in mid-ocean ridges.

*Mountains, trenches, mid-ocean ridges, and volcanoes were formed by plate movement.

*The Mariana Islands were formed by volcanoes.

*Plate Tectonics are proof that the earth is constantly moving. Our earth's crust is compused of plates which move every so often. This movement causes the land above it to alter. It is also what causes earthquakes and land formations such as mountains, volcanoes, and hills, etc. Earthquakes are proof that the plates still move.

*An atoll is part of a coral reef that forms a ring around a central lagoon.

*Atolls are mainly found on the Pacific because of our coral reefs. Atolls grow on our reefs.

Invertebrate-Sponges

Porifera
Sponges are the most primitive of the multicellular invertebrates. Their bodies have a system of water canals. These canals enable them to eat, breate, reproduce, and excrete through pumping water through their bodies. They come in many colors such as yellow, blue, and orange. Sponges have spicules that look like little spikes or stars. Scientists utilize this trait as a way to identify which species they belong to.

*Sponges belonging to the family Cladorhizidae are extremely unique considering that they feed by catching then digesting whole animals. These are the few carnivorous sponges in the world.

Poriferans have holes in their outer walls that draw in water. They filter particles in the water, which enables them to receive food.

Sponges can reproduce asexually and sexually. Most sponges that reproduce sexually are hermaphroditic (they produce eggs&sperm at separate times). Sperm is created then sent out through the openings of the sponge. They then are captured by the female sponges of that particular species. The female then transports the eggs by archaeocytes (cells). Sponges that reproduce asexually produce gemmules or buds. They are a bunch of cells inside a protective shell or cover.

Carnivorous sponge

(img. from http://animal.discovery.com/convergence/howloween/poll/slides/sponge.html)

Asbestopluma hypogea

ORDER Poecilosclerida

FAMILY Cladorhizidae

OTHER COMMON NAMES French: Éponge carnivore.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Small white sponge with an ovoid body as large as 0.25 in (6.5 mm) high and 0.04 in (1.2 mm) thick, attached to the substrate with a long, thin stalk up to 0.5 in (14 mm) long and .007 in (0.18 mm) in diameter. The body bears 30–60 filaments up to 2.3 in (60 mm) long and 50–80 µm in diameter. The filaments are sticky and shaggy because of their dense cover of tiny raised hook-shaped microscleres (anisochelae).

DISTRIBUTION Known from two caves near Marseille, France, and one in La Croatia, (Mediterranean).

HABITAT Rocky surfaces in caves where water is trapped all year long and thus has a constant low temperature of 55-58° F (13–14.7°C), 50-195 ft (15–60 m) away from the entrance, at a depth of 55-75 ft (17–23 m).

BEHAVIOR Their carnivorous feeding behavior makes these sponges unique.

FEEDING ECOLOGY AND DIET These sponges have no aquiferous system or choanocyte chambers. Their diet consists of small crustaceans that they capture in their filaments. The prey is completely surrounded by new filaments and digested within a few days.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY Viviparous; however, little is known as of 2003 regarding the exact time of reproduction and structure of the embryos.

CONSERVATION STATUS Known only from La Ciotat; protected under the Bern Convention of 1998 due to its patrimonial interest.

SIGNIFICANCE TO HUMANS None known.

*Research is being done on sponge's chemicals that keep bacteria from over-growing on them. Scientists have found these chemicals are powerful antibiotics that may help prevent or cure some diseases. Leukemia, arthritis, and strep throat are among the diseases that the sponges' chemicals may help to cure. Scientists hope that they will soon be ready for human use.

Animal Cell 09.25

Paupau Beach 09.15.07

This was my first time in a long time to visit Paupau Beach. It's really far but really pretty too. There were a lot of people there, considering it was a weekend. Long story short, we didn't go snorkeling. Actually, I think no one did. But we had LUNCH =D Well, adjacent to the pavillion, it was evident that runoff had occurred. It was pretty bad, too. What made things worse was the trash and other miscellaneous materials present in that ditch. Furthermore, there was quite a lot. What made things worse was that it seemed like it was there for a while already. The cans, the plastic rings, the trash in general, were all over the place. If it rained really hard, all of the debris would go into the ocean...and that means........uh oh for nemo. The waters would be infected and the materials could infect the habitats they reside in. Now ladies and gentlemen, I think that it's pretty obvious now that we should and need to learn how to dispose our trash properly. & if possible, recycle! :)

Currents 09.13.07

1. Explain how currents contribute to the distribution of marine organisms around the planet.
2. The primary factor influencing ocean currents is temperature regulation. What might happen to the ocean currents (and has happened in the past) as global warming increases?
3. Explain how density changes cause currents.

Endangered Species 09.06.07

Green Sea Turtle, Chelonia mydas

*one of seven species of sea turtles found throughout the world.

Habitat: world wide in warm seas; along the coasts of Hawai`i, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), unincorporated U.S. island possessions, and a small resident group in San Diego Bay, California.
They occupy three habitat types: open beaches, open sea, and feeding grounds in shallow, protected waters.

Reasons for endangerment:
-overharvest of turtles and its eggs
-habitat loss
-capture in fishing nets
-boat collisions
-fibropapillomatosis [disease]

Mt. Laulau Hike 09.08.07

Phew. Hiking up to Mt. Laulau was quite an experience. Prior to our journey up the mountain, I have never heard about any other mountain on Saipan except for Mt. Tapochao. The only thing that came to mind was the beach & the golf resort.

Upon arriving at Kagman, or the bottom of the mountain rather, I had no idea about what to expect. We began our journey with our Marine Biology instructor as well as Angelo, our guide. Hiking up that first hill was pretty shocking. I had not gone walking in a while & was required to walk UP this time. We continued on, going through tangantangan and trees of many sorts. We took breaks every so often and learned about the problems Mt. Laulau has been facing. Angelo told us of how this land was used. Many people burned the trees and bushes down, thus causing a negative effect on the soil. With dry soil, rain water could not be absorbed and plants could not thrive. Whenever it rained, the water immediately trailed down the mountain and into the ocean, dragging whatever was in its path. The plants's roots could no longer hold onto the soil and allow the rain water to slowly drift down the mountain. However, Angelo and a group of other people tried to fix this issue by planting trees and plants all over Mt. Laulau. We also learned about how important it is to be careful with how we treat our environment. The golf course keeps its grass green by utilizing fertilizer. Although it is appealing to the eye, it poses a threat when it reaches the ocean. It allows the algae to grow excessively, which restricts coral formation and growth.

Our hike up Mt. Laulau was extremely tiring. I got scratches on my legs and arms and hurt my ankle too. But I gained so much from this trip. I learned about how our environment is constantly fighting against those who do not treat it well. It's good to hear that there are many people on island who volunteer their time to help with the damages other people have done.

The Shape of Life 09.08.07

The Shape of Life

Episode I


What organism is thought to be the first multi-cellular animal?
The ancient sponge is thought to be the first multi-cellular animal.

How is it the same & different from animals today?
Animals today are much more diverse than sponges. They survive through caring for themselves and finding mates to reproduce. Their means of getting food usually involve moving around and searching for it. They engage in competitions between their own kind as well as other creatures living in that habitat. Sponges are much more difficult to spot. They don't have a particular type of body that distinguishes themselves from other living things. The way they get food does not involve hunting or searching for it. They do not move from place to place in order to seek a better habitat; they adapt to their environment.

How do scientists know it’s an animal?
Scientists can identify animals by its physical appearance and lifestyle.

What evidence do scientists have to prove that other animals evolved from this organism?
They've identified the genes in multi-cellular animals and compared it to that of the sponge. Every multi-cellular animal contained the same blueprint as that of the sponge's.

What more do you want to know?
I want to gain more knowledge concerning the life of a sponge and comprehend it's ways of surviving in the depths of the ocean.

Obyan Beach 09.03.07

Labor Day Monday
Obyan Beach

i SPiED...

Dwarf-spotted grouper, Epinephelus merra

Bleeker’s parrotfish, Scarus bleekeri

Sohal surgeonfish, Acanthurus sohal

Bluespine unicornfish, Naso unicornis

Moorish idol, Zanclus cornutus

Banded pipefish, Corythoichthys intestinalis

Gold-lined sea bream, Gnathodentex aurolineatus

Orangespine unicornfish, Naso lituratus

Thicklip trevally, Carangoides orthogrammus

Convict surgeonfish, Acanthurus triostegus


**While snorkeling, we found a sea cucumber that looks like a loaf of bread! :) I did not find it's scientific name in our Coral Reef Field Guide.